Indonesian Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science

Adaptation of Aerobic Capacity followed by Adaptation of Perceived Exertion after 6-Week High-Intensity Interval Training

Heru Syarli Lesmana — 2026-02-25

Study purpose: The challenge of monitoring training adaptation has appeared with the demand for a simple, non-exhaustive and efficient approach, since the standardised and sophisticated tools have not been available for athletes in remote area. This study aimed to investigate improvement of the maximum aerobic capacity including heart rate (HR) after 6-week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) also stimulated the adaptation in rate perceived of exertion (RPE) and furthermore to observe the correlation between these adaptation

Materials and methods: Pre-and post-experimental design has been applied to sixteen healthy adults (21±1.1 yr) that completed three times per week cycling HIIT. Before and after intervention, participants underwent two tests in separate days on the cycling ergometer consist of the incremental maximal test to assess maximal heart rate (HR_max) and peak power output (PPO) and the 5-min steady-state exercise (SSE) test with workload 40% and 60% of PPO to assess exercise heart rate (HR_exercise), %HR_execise and RPE scale.

Results: The HIIT adaptation increased PPO significantly (P<0.001; d=0.41; 302±50.8 to 322±50.9 watt) and decreased HR_max (P=0.001; d=0.43; 188±8.53 to 184±6=7.44 bpm). HR_exercise was observed slower in SSE 40% (P=0.005; d=0.55; 127±9.41 to 122±11.9 bpm) and SSE 60% (P=0.001; d=0.63; 153±11.7 to 145±12.6 bpm). The RPE adaptation exhibited a decreasing in SSE 40% (P=0.001; d=1.01; 10±1.25 to 9±0.93) and SSE 60% (P=0.001; d=0.97; 13±0.98 to 12±1.41). The correlation between RPE and HR_exercisewas established in pre-(r=055, P=0.001) and post-intervention (r=061, P<0.001).

Conclusions: Adaptation of HIIT improved the aerobic capacity proved by increase of PPO and decrease HR_max, linked to increase of RPE scale and HR_exercise in SSE 40% and SSE 60%. The correlation between RPE and HR_exercise was consistently strong pre- and post-intervention. Thus, this finding indicated RPE can be an easy and cost-effective instrument for monitoring intensity and aerobic capacity adaptation.

A Descriptive Quantitative Study of Physical Activity Levels Among Drug Rehabilitation Residents Using IPAQ

Wiga Nurlatifa Romadhoni — 2026-03-09

Study Purpose. This study aimed to describe the physical activity levels of nine residents at the Rumah Damai Drug Rehabilitation Center in Semarang who participated in a community engagement based structured exercise program.

Materials and Methods. A descriptive quantitative design was employed. Physical activity levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Data included walking, moderate, and vigorous activities expressed in MET-minutes per week and categorized into low, moderate, and high activity levels.

Results. All nine residents (100%) were categorized as having low physical activity levels, with no participants reaching moderate or high categories. The recorded MET-minutes per week were below the recommended threshold for moderate physical activity. These findings indicate that the participants’ overall physical activity levels were limited during the assessment period.

Conclusion. The results provide baseline data on the physical activity levels of rehabilitation residents. The findings may inform the development and implementation of structured physical activity programs within rehabilitation settings to support residents’ physical fitness and overall well being.

An Analytical Study of the Reality of Behavioral Opportunism during the Professional Sports Season among Athletes at the Sports Talent Care Center for Track and Field

Liqa Abdulzahra Obaid — 2026-03-09

Study purpose. With the growing professionalization of youth sport and the emergence of ethically problematic competitive behaviors, behavioral opportunism has become an urgent issue that lacks standardized measurement in sport psychology. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a psychometrically sound scale to measure behavioral opportunism during the professional sports season and to determine its level and key manifestations among track and field athletes at the Sports Talent Care Center.

Materials and methods. A descriptive research design using the case study approach was employed. The research population consisted of 215 male athletes aged 15–17 years enrolled at the Sports Talent Care Center for track and field during the 2024/2025 sports season. The entire population was intentionally selected using a comprehensive enumeration method. The sample was divided into three groups: an exploratory sample, a construction sample (n = 109), and an application sample (n = 96). A behavioral opportunism scale was constructed based on four dimensions: careerism, self-centeredness, goal justification, and task hoarding. Validity and reliability were verified, and data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

Results. The results indicated an unacceptable level of behavioral opportunism among athletes during the professional sports season. Athletes showed tendencies toward distorting facts, exploiting others’ weaknesses, exceeding ethical boundaries, justifying unethical means, and hoarding tasks and knowledge for personal benefit.

Conclusions. Behavioral opportunism represents a critical psychological and ethical issue within the professionalization environment. Addressing it requires structured psychological preparation programs grounded in ethical values and strengthened collaboration with sport psychology specialists.

Bridging Physical Literacy: Multilateral Learning Methods in Physical Education to Enhance Motor Educability

Galih Priyambada — 2026-03-10

Study purpose. This study aimed to investigate the impact of multilateral learning methods on the acceleration of motor educability in elementary school students, with an analytical focus on manipulative coordination and sensorimotor adaptability.

Materials and methods. Employing a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, this study involved 50 fifth-grade students selected via purposive sampling. The pedagogical intervention was implemented over a six-week period, integrating multilateral principles into the formal physical education curriculum through small sided games and fundamental movement circuits. Assessment instruments specifically tennis ball throwing and catching tests alongside basketball throwing tests were utilized to evaluate the efficacy of force control and the students' capacity for adaptive calibration to variability in object mass. Data were subsequently analyzed using a paired samples t-test at a 5% significance level to determine the statistical significance of the intervention's impact

Results. The results demonstrated a significant increase in motor performance across both measurement parameters; the mean score for the tennis ball throw significantly increased from 7.74 to 8.00 (t_observed = 2.768 > t_table = 2.009; p = 0.008). A more substantial significance was identified in the basketball instrument, where scores rose from 3.07 to 3.37 (t_observed = 9.440 > t_table = 2.009; p < 0.001). These findings provided empirical evidence that multilateral intervention effectively stimulated neuromuscular plasticity in students, enabling precise force calibration during transitions in object characteristics.

Conclusions. It was concluded that the implementation of multilateral learning based on equipment modification was a significant strategy for optimizing motor educability profiles while strengthening the foundation of physical literacy in children's developmental phases.

"Pass To The Wall" Educational Game : A Creative Solution for Basketball Chest Pass Learning

Lalu Moh Yudha Isnaini — 2026-03-10

Study Purpose : One of the barriers to teaching basic chest pass learning in basketball is the monotonous approach that reduces students' motivation and engagement. The purpose of this study was to create and assess a projector-based educational game, Pass To The Wall that used an innovative medium for learning the chest pass.

Material and Methods. This study used the ADDIE model of Research and Development (R&D) design. A small trial involved thirty-two junior high school eighth graders. Data were collected from accomplished observations, student and teacher response questionnaires and followed by a quasi-experimental the pre-test and post-test of chest pass skills.

Results. Pass To The Wall projector-based educational game was highly feasible and effective in its development and implementation. Media received very positive responses from students (87.5%) and teachers (91.3%). Moreover, statistical analysis showed significant differences in chest pass after intervention; importantly the difference was not just in number but also technique (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the projector based educational game produced a statistically significant improvement in students basketball chest pass performance.

Conclusion. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that Pass To The Wall educational game is actionable and effectively use as instructional medium to enhance students basketball chest pass skills. With the integration of projector-based interactive media, not only is technical accuracy and execution improved, but it also enhances student engagement of physical education learning. Thus, the current model can be considered as an alternative strategy for the development of fundamental motor skills in basketball teaching.

The effect of educational exercises using a self-regulated learning strategy on learning the performance phases of the triple jump activity for female students

Diana Ghanem Yahya — 2026-03-11

Studi purpose. This study seeks to explore how educational tasks performed by self-regulated learning strategy can be used to master the stages of the triple jump among physical education students of the female gender. The research is dealing with the performance variability in these technical stages and aims at improving learning efficiency in a quantitative and qualitative way.

Materials and Methods. The experimenters used a sample size of 24 second-stage female students (Section A), half of them experimental (n=12) and half of them control (n=12). The experimental group completed a 6-week program with the use of the self-regulated learning method, which implied two instructional units per week. Evaluation was done according to the stages of the triple jump.

Results. Evaluations at the end of the post-test showed that the technical performance of the triple jump phases of experimental and control groups significantly improved. The evidence indicates that self-regulated policy enabled students to internalize the motor skills enhancing the jump sequences better.

Conclusions. The paper concludes that self-regulated learning based educational exercises have a specific positive impact on learning to triple jump. This plan is more effective than the conventional ones in minimizing the performance variation and hastening the learning of skills among female learners.

Content Validation of Badminton Training Program Model for Young Athletes

Suratman Suratman — 2026-03-11

The Effect of the Sport Education Model on Elementary Students' Interpersonal Intelligence in Volleyball Instruction

Faiz Faozi — 2026-03-12

Study purpose. Contemporary education emphasizes holistic student development, including social and emotional competencies such as interpersonal intelligence. However, research on integrating Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) into physical education through structured pedagogical models remains limited, particularly in non-Western educational contexts like Indonesia. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effect of implementing the Sport Education Model (SEM) on enhancing the interpersonal intelligence of elementary school students within volleyball instruction.

Materials and methods. A true experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group structure was employed. The sample consisted of 64 fifth-grade students from SDN Cidadap 3, divided into an experimental group (n=32) taught using SEM and a control group (n=32) taught using conventional direct instruction. Data were collected using a validated interpersonal intelligence questionnaire and analyzed statistically using paired sample t-tests.

Results. The results indicated that both groups showed significant improvement in interpersonal intelligence scores. However, the improvement in the experimental group (+16 points) was substantially greater than that in the control group (+4 points).

Conclusions. These findings suggest that SEM is significantly more effective in developing students' interpersonal competencies such as empathy, communication, cooperation, and social skills compared to the conventional approach. Implications: Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature on pedagogical models in physical education by demonstrating SEM's potential as a framework for integrating SEL into sport instruction. Practically, the findings encourage physical education teachers to adopt SEM to foster students' interpersonal intelligence, particularly in elementary school settings where social-emotional development is critical. Policymakers and curriculum developers should consider supporting SEM implementation through professional development and resources to maximize physical education's role in holistic student development.

Aligning Sport Tourism with SDGs: Governance of Traditional Horse Racing in Central Aceh

Yoki Afriandy Rangkuti — 2026-03-13

Study purpose. This study aims to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of a cultural-based sport tourism event, specifically the traditional horse racing festival in Central Aceh, and to identify governance issues affecting the sustainability of its impacts. The primary focus of the research lies in sport tourism development and sustainable growth, while physical education and learning are positioned as conceptual implications of the findings, particularly in strengthening sustainability literacy and local cultural awareness.

Materials and methods. A mixed-method design with data triangulation was employed, combining quantitative surveys of local residents and business actors with qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to capture both statistical patterns and contextual community experiences. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation, while qualitative data were examined through thematic narrative coding. The research instruments were developed based on Social Exchange Theory and the Input–Output model, and were tested for content validity using Aiken’s V and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha.

Results. The findings indicate significant short-term economic benefits: 68% of business actors reported increased income, and 57% of respondents noted the creation of temporary employment during the event. However, local inflationary pressure was observed, with essential commodity prices rising by approximately 10–15% during peak periods. From a socio-cultural perspective, 72% of respondents reported increased community pride, and more than 40% of residents participated in organizational activities or performances during the event. Infrastructure improvements were acknowledged by 61% of respondents, although concerns regarding long-term sustainability remain. In terms of governance, only 38% of respondents felt that community voices were adequately represented in the planning process.

Conclusions. It can be concluded that the traditional horse racing event holds strong potential as a socio-economic catalyst in cultural-based sport tourism development. Nevertheless, strengthening inclusive governance, implementing post-event strategies, and ensuring equitable benefit distribution are essential to prevent impacts from being limited to the event period alone, while also providing meaningful implications for sustainability-oriented physical education and sport learning.

The Effect of a Combined Guided and Divergent Discovery Teaching Approach on Handstand Swing Learning on Parallel Bars Among Young Gymnasts Aged 10–12 Years

Maysaa Ridha Ghanim — 2026-03-13